Emisije CO2 i NOx

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Geza
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Re: Emisije CO2 i NOx

Post od Geza » 20 Jan 2020, 19:59

Sajam automobila u Briselu.

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Re: Emisije CO2 i NOx

Post od Geza » 23 Jan 2020, 19:33

EU finds Jeep Grand Cherokee and Suzuki Vitara break emissions rules
https://www.autoblog.com/2020/01/23/jee ... ns-europe/

Jeep already has a fix, but Suzuki doesn't yet have a solution

AMSTERDAM — Fiat Chrysler's Jeep Grand Cherokee and Suzuki's Vitara diesel models both break emissions rules and must be fixed or face a ban on sales across Europe, the Dutch road authority ruled on Thursday.

The RDW authority, acting as the reference regulator for across the European Union, said Jeep had developed a software fix and that the authority had ordered the company to recall the model across Europe to roll it out.

It added Suzuki had yet to find a credible solution for the Vitara.

"Suzuki must come with adequate improvement measures or the RDW will begin the process of revoking its European type approval," the RDW said in a statement, adding it had also started the process of revoking approval for the Jeep Grand Cherokee as a "precautionary measure."

Regulators across the world have been testing diesel models since Volkswagen admitted in 2015 that it used illegal software to cheat U.S. emissions tests.

The RDW said it had found both the Jeep Grand Cherokee and Vitara had used "prohibited emissions strategies" that led them to emit higher levels of harmful nitrogen oxide (NOx) on the road than under testing conditions.

Dutch State Secretary for Infrastructure, Stientje van Veldhoven, said in a letter to parliament she would inform prosecutors of the RDW's findings.

Fiat Chrysler and Suzuki could not immediately be reached for comment.
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Re: Emisije CO2 i NOx

Post od ikac2000 » 03 Feb 2020, 12:28

BBC News - Cycling through Europe's deadliest air
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-51296021

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Re: Emisije CO2 i NOx

Post od Geza » 22 Mar 2020, 08:41

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Re: Emisije CO2 i NOx

Post od Geza » 16 Dec 2020, 16:53

JATO Dynamic’s analysis of EU CO2 emissions in 2020
https://www.jato.com/jato-dynamics-anal ... s-in-2020/

European OEMs have experienced several challenges this year. Alongside the hugely disruptive effects of Covid-19, manufacturers are now facing the impending CO2 target deadline presented by the European Commission.

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According to our data*, the results for January-October 2020 revealed that PSA recorded the lowest sales weighted CO2 emissions across all benchmarks.

The European Commission’s legislation states that for each gram that’s over the CO2 target, manufacturers will face a fine of €95 per car registered. As a result of this policy, many brands have taken to discontinuing some of their slow-selling models that also heavily contribute to their CO2 averages.

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The CO2 target deadline has also led to the acceleration of OEMs’ electrification plans. The “super-credit” system presents manufacturers with additional incentives for marketing zero and low-emission vehicles – specifically those that emit less than 50 g/km. And, through the “super credit system” when calculating a manufacturer’s average emissions levels, these cars also count as two vehicles.

According to our data, the super-credit policy has been a driver behind the outstanding growth seen in EV registrations this year. Registrations of low-emissions cars** increased by 113% through October to 875,000 units from 411,700 units in 2019, for 22 markets across Europe. The market share of low emissions cars jumped from 3.2% (January – October 2019), to 9.3% year-on-year. This increase coincides with the double-digit decline in demand seen for gasoline and diesel cars.

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Low-emissions vehicles market surge continues

As the low carbon agenda is driven forward by European legislation, low emissions vehicles registrations continue to soar. In fact, when measured against the current super-credits legislation, pure electric cars, fuel-cells powered cars, and plug-in hybrid electric cars were the only vehicles to post averages that sit within the 50 g/km limit.

The same cannot be said for pure ICE (diesel and petrol) and hybrid vehicles. In January-October 2020, these cars posted averages above 100 g/km.

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PSA achieved lowest emissions

Between January and October 2020, PSA registered sales-weighted emissions of 97.9 g/km. This was the best result among 11 different pools** – achieved without supercredits or phase-in benefits.

In January-October, the use of supercredits and phase-in benefits reduced PSA’s average CO2 emissions levels to 91.9 g/km. This reduction of 6 grams comes as a result of the increased demand seen for small cars, and their recent focus on low emissions vehicles. The city-cars, subcompacts and small SUVs accounted for 57% of PSA’s volume through October, while registrations of its plug-in hybrid and pure electric cars totalled 88,800 in the first ten months of this year.

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DS was the second brand with the lowest average CO2 emissions in Jan-Oct 2020, only behind MG and the four zero-emissions brands, Tesla, Maxus, Polestar and Smart.
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Re: Emisije CO2 i NOx

Post od Geza » 21 Apr 2021, 23:37

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Re: Emisije CO2 i NOx

Post od Geza » 04 Maj 2021, 23:40

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Re: Emisije CO2 i NOx

Post od Geza » 24 Jun 2021, 16:13

Nakon Dieselgatea – Elektrogate?
https://www.b92.net/mobilni/automobili/1880268

Električni automobili su toliko obuzeli evropsku birokratiju i neke proizvođače automobila da se čini da je put u budućnost već trasiran.

Međutim, nemački mediji javljaju da se oglasila grupa od čak 171 naučnika, inženjera i stručnjaka za pogone ujedinjenih u Međunarodnoj asocijaciji održivih pogona i razvoja automobilskih tehnologija (IASTEC), koji tvrde da su emisije CO2 električnih automobila mnogo više nego što se prikazuje. Nemački mediji nazivaju to i aferom koja je na nivou Volkswagenova Dieselgatea, prenosi Revija HAK.

Vođe studije prof. Thomas Koch i prof. Thomas Böhlke s Instituta za tehnologiju u Karlsruheu tvrde da će emisije CO2 električnih automobila biti dvostruko veće nego što predviđa Evropska unija.

Osnovni problem, prema rečima stručnjaka, jeste da do 2030. (i verovatno dugo nakon toga) neće dramatično rasti svetska proizvodnja električne energije iz obnovljivih izovra (pomoću vetroelektrana i solarnih elektrana), već na ugalj i plin, a emisije CO2 u ovom sektoru se takođe povećavaju s dodatnom potražnjom, a čini se da u kalkulacijama EU nema tog povećanja. Kumulativne emisije do 2030. godine će se udvostručiti – mnogo više nego što je pretpostavila Komisija EU.

Evropska unija ima posebna pravila, koja uključuju finansijske penale za proizvođače koji ne mogu da ispoštuju nivo od 95 g/km CO2 u proseku cele prodate flote vozila. Znači, saberite prosečne emisije svih prodatih automobila i podelite ih s brojem prodatih vozila. Ako je emisija veća od granice, plaćaju se kazne. Ako su naučnici u pravu u vezi sa svojom hipotezom, tada je stepen zablude potrošača na kraju premašio dimenziju dizelske prevare. Trenutno se nova registracija električnog automobila računa u emisije celog voznog parka i to kao 0 g CO2 na 100 km. To predstavlja novčanu prednost od 9000 evra za proizvođača, koja se može nadoknaditi prodajom dizelskih vozila. Drugim rečima, samo oni koji prodaju dovoljno električnih automobila ne moraju da plate kaznu za registraciju motora s unutrašnjim sagorevanjem. Zbog toga proizvođači forsiraju električne automobile – s njima mogu da prodaju više dizelskih i benzinskih kombija ili SUV-ova, koji im donose velike marže. Istovremeno, ni električna vozila nisu čista, a to će biti još manje u budućnosti.

Šta to znači u emisijama CO2 u budućnosti? Naučnici to računaju na primeru jednog električnog kompakta: u svom ciklusu, 15 godina, 220.000 km pređenih kilometara, zbog nepovoljnog energetskog miksa (termoelektrane), emisija je 30 tona CO2 umesto 14 tona. U sve to nisu uračunate emisije CO2 pri proizvodnji vozila.

Klimatski bilans dizelskog hibrida, koji bi koristio 67% fosilnog goriva i 33% biogoriva tada bi bio još bolji od onog kod električnog vozila.
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Re: Emisije CO2 i NOx

Post od Sloba » 24 Jun 2021, 18:11

Pa, super sto grupa od 170 naucnika danas konstatuje ono sto je i obicnom coveku bilo jasno i na samom pocetku ove price. Ne postoji nula emisija, a sto se vise racuna i sire sagledava, brojka je sve dalje od te nule.

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Re: Emisije CO2 i NOx

Post od dragvorl » 24 Jun 2021, 18:28

Ocigledno da se odjednom tu prica jako zaokrenula i ubrzala u pravcu prelaska na elektro vozila, narocito u EU. Forsiranje po svaku cenu, uz naravno forsiranje nekih podataka. Nije samo to sto se tice prelaska na kao CO² neutralna vozila, vec i povecavanje poreza na fosilna goriva, sto je u Nemackoj vec uvedeno. U Svajcarskoj su sad glasali ljudi na referendumu a jedno od pitanja je bilo i to da li povecavati poreze na konto CO² (poskupljenje avio karata izmedju ostalog), i to je odbijeno. Nemam nista protiv prelaska na CO² neutralnu energiju, ali nisam uopste za to da trosak toga svale na jednu generaciju, kad je moglo da se ceka ovoliko sigurno nece propasti plateta ako se razvuce to sa 10 na 25 ili 30 godina. Ima puno medjuresenja, ali eto, neko je odlucio da se ona ni ne ramatraju. Apsurd cele price je da se popularizuju SUV tipovi vozila za grad i AP a sa druge strane se pricao o ekoloskim vozilima.
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Re: Emisije CO2 i NOx

Post od Apex » 24 Jun 2021, 21:56

Neka se forsira, odakle god da se dobija električna energija emisija električnog automobila jeste nula u gradu gde se vozi i gde je najveća koncentracija ljudi koji udišu kiseonik.

Inače, da li bilo koja od tih studija uzima u obzir emisiju ICE automobila nekoliko godina nakon izlaska iz fabrike ili se zauvek računa kao da je auto nov?

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Re: Emisije CO2 i NOx

Post od dragvorl » 24 Jun 2021, 22:15

Treba da se racuna ceo footprint od pocetka do kraja. Od vadjenja rude u Juznoj Americi ili svejedno gde, do reciklaze. Napravljen je hype, ali skrivaju se vesto detalji koji nisu tako popularni. ICE kad sve funcionise ispusta jako malo stetnih materija koje su opasne po zdravlje ljudi. U razvijenim drzavama odavno javni prevoz funkcionise na metan, tu je tek emisija minimalna, bio sam u NY par meseci, tamo nema ni blizu zagadjenja koje se pod nosom oseti. Problem je sto sirotinja kao i uvek izvlaci deblji kraj. Kod nas je i struja uglavnom od fosilnih goriva.
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Re: Emisije CO2 i NOx

Post od nidza » 25 Jun 2021, 14:17

Korupcija je u zemljama poput naše veći problem od nedostatka sredstava. Ako ti imaš rezervisan budžet za proširenje TENT, u momentu kad je egal solarna farma jeftinija, a ti biraš štetniju i ekonomski manje opravdanu opciju jer imaš veću vajdicu, to onda pravi problem.

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Re: Emisije CO2 i NOx

Post od Geza » 25 Jun 2021, 14:24

Kad smo kod sunca i panela.

Solar panels are creating 50 times more waste than predicted, and much of it is toxic. Our race to ‘net zero’ is madness
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.rt.com ... waste/amp/

Environmentalists’ bright promises of utilising solar energy to power the world are darkening quickly as it becomes clear how much dangerous trash is generated, with tonnes of old panels being discarded in landfill sites.
The basic pitch for 'net zero' policies to combat climate change is this: a warming world will be devastating, but we can cut emissions down to next-to-nothing by using renewable energy technologies like wind and solar, which will keep on getting cheaper and cheaper. But the idea that we can have it all – energy that is plentiful, zero-carbon, and cheap – is a mirage, at least when it comes to renewables.
There are some obvious, long-standing problems with renewables: what happens when the sun doesn't shine or the wind doesn't blow? Some argue in favour of nuclear energy, others for using biomass (which basically means burning wood pellets and planting new trees to soak up the CO2 eventually), while some hope that energy storage using batteries will save the day. Whatever the solution, the problem of low-carbon electricity is going to keep getting bigger as we demand the phasing out of fossil fuels – including a shift to electric cars and banning gas boilers.

Still, renewables do, on the face of it, look like they might be getting cheaper. Solar panels are slowly getting more efficient. More importantly, the price for each panel has plummeted – perhaps by 70 percent. But the total cost of sticking solar panels onto a network has to take into account paying for backup for when those panels aren't producing power. Yet that backup is very often treated as if it is a separate cost, rather than a necessary consequence of using an intermittent power source. In reality, renewables are a lot more expensive than proponents like to admit.

But a new article in the Harvard Business Review points to another cost that is frequently downplayed: waste. Solar panels are supposed to last for 30 years, and calculations about how much waste will be produced are based on that assumption. The trouble is that as the panels have got cheaper, and a bit more efficient, the economics have changed. Replacing them sooner could make a lot of sense, financially.

As the authors of the article point out, that could lead to a tsunami of solar panel waste: “If early replacements occur as predicted by our statistical model, they can produce 50 times more waste in just four years than IRENA [International Renewable Energy Agency] anticipates. That figure translates to around 315,000 metric tonnes of waste, based on an estimate of 90 tonnes per MW weight-to-power ratio.” And that estimate is just for domestic solar panel users. Throw in commercial users, too, and the mountain of waste will be enormous.

Ah, supporters of solar will say, the panels can simply be recycled. But there isn't much of value to be stripped from old solar panels. They are mostly made of glass, and they're a pain to remove and transport safely. Recycling could cost $20-$30 per panel. Landfill, by contrast, would cost $1-$2 per panel. So if we're going to recycle the panels, we need to work out who is going to pay the difference.

One solution, already adopted by the EU when it comes to electronic waste, is to put the burden on manufacturers. But companies come in and out of markets all the time. If companies that were selling products a decade ago have now gone bust or left the market for some other reason, the burden will fall on the remaining companies. And the vast majority of solar panels are now coming from China – so who is going to force those manufacturers to pay?

Discover magazine last year warned that “it is often cheaper to discard them in landfills or send them to developing countries. As solar panels sit in dumps, the toxic metals they contain can leach out into the environment and possibly pose a public health hazard if they get into the groundwater supply.” The metals in solar panels include lead, which can impair brain development in children, and cadmium, which is a carcinogen.

Proponents of the ‘circular economy’ think we need to stop thinking about making things in a cradle-to-grave fashion (make it, use it, bin it) and instead think about cradle-to-cradle production (make it, use it, recycle it). But the problem of solar-panel waste could make that cradle-to-cradle model much more expensive. As the Harvard Business Review authors note:

“By 2035, discarded panels would outweigh new units sold by 2.56 times. In turn, this would catapult the LCOE (levelized cost of energy, a measure of the overall cost of an energy-producing asset over its lifetime) to four times the current projection. The economics of solar – so bright-seeming from the vantage point of 2021 – would darken quickly as the industry sinks under the weight of its own trash."

A long-standing critic of renewables, Michael Shellenberger, sees this as confirmation of concerns he has been expressing for some time. Back in 2018, he wrote an article for Forbes titled ‘If solar panels are so clean, why do they produce so much toxic waste?’. At the time, he was criticised as an apologist for nuclear power, which has its own toxic waste problem. But as Shellenberger notes, the volume of waste from nuclear power is small, and it is comparatively easy simply to store it securely. Ultimately, we may find a way of reusing nuclear waste, but for now it's really not a huge issue.

By contrast, waste from renewables is bulky. And while radioactive materials are dangerous, of course, the problem of heavy metals like cadmium leaking in large quantities from landfill is actually much worse, because it is not controlled.

In a new article, Shellenberger challenges proponents of renewable energy to confront the problems that solar and wind energy are creating. “The new research on the coming solar waste crisis, along with rising blackouts from renewables, reinforces the inherent flaws in solar and other forms of renewable energy. Over-relying on solar panels, and underestimating the need for nuclear and natural gas, resulted in California’s blackouts last summer. It’s now clear that China made solar appear cheap with coal, subsidies, and forced labor. And in the US, we pay one-quarter of solar’s costs through taxes and often much more in subsidies at the state and local level.”

I've got no problem with using solar, wind, nuclear, or any other form of energy. They all have their uses, their pros and cons. I also think that if we can cut carbon emissions in a cost-effective way, that might well be a sensible idea. I love the idea of electric cars, for example: they're easier to drive, they're quiet, they produce no urban pollution and are cheaper to maintain.

What I hate, however, is the way that the problems associated with the rush to 'net zero' are just being glossed over. The policy is astonishingly expensive, and it faces real technical and economic challenges. But if you were to believe politicians and eco-warriors, we'll soon be powering the world with magic energy pixies, and colourful birds will land on our shoulders to say hello, while everyone smiles as we become one with nature once more.

If we don't take the problems of ‘net zero’ seriously, the real result will be economic hardship, unreliable power networks, and limitations imposed on our lives, whether it is demands to stop eating meat or restrictions on our ability to travel. All of this as China, India, and other developing countries rightly power their way out of poverty with coal, gas, and oil, while producing far more emissions than we could ever save. Impoverishing ourselves to achieve nothing is the epitome of irrationality.
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Re: Emisije CO2 i NOx

Post od dragvorl » 25 Jun 2021, 15:50

nidza je napisao:
25 Jun 2021, 14:17
Korupcija je u zemljama poput naše veći problem od nedostatka sredstava. Ako ti imaš rezervisan budžet za proširenje TENT, u momentu kad je egal solarna farma jeftinija, a ti biraš štetniju i ekonomski manje opravdanu opciju jer imaš veću vajdicu, to onda pravi problem.
Za ista sredstva se moze napraviti solarna farma istog godisnjeg kapaciteta kao termo?
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